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Gustave Courbet

Gustave Courbet, Self-Portrait, 1844/45 

The second half of the nineteenth century was a pivotal moment for Europe, a turbulent period of revolutionary uprisings and significant political tension. This moment also encouraged a new artistic movement to rise against the traditional, conservative, and academic classicism. La seconda metà del diciannovesimo secolo fu un momento cruciale per l'Europa, un periodo turbolento di rivolte rivoluzionarie e grandi tensioni politiche. Questo momento incoraggiò anche un nuovo movimento artistico a ribellarsi contro il classicismo tradizionale, conservatore e accademico.  


The Realist movement emerged around the 1850s and prevailed until the 1870s–1880s, offering a faithful and objective portrayal of everyday life, rejecting the glorified depiction of idealized characters and rigid traditional rules of the Romantic period. 

Il movimento Realista emerse intorno agli anni 1850 e prevalse fino agli anni 1870-1880, offrendo una rappresentazione fedele e oggettiva della vita quotidiana, rifiutando la rappresentazione glorificata di personaggi idealizzati e le rigide regole tradizionali del periodo romantico. Gustave Courbet è considerato il padre del Realismo. I suoi dipinti raffiguravano soggetti comuni e spesso erano ispirati dalla sua campagna natale. 

 

Gustave Courbet is considered the father of Realism. His paintings portrayed common subjects of everyday life, emphasized the struggles and dignity of the working class, and were often inspired by his native countryside. 

 Born in 1819 into a wealthy family, Courbet initially studied to become a provincial lawyer. However, after gaining his father’s blessing, he devoted himself entirely to art. He was most influenced by Spanish painters Diego Velázquez and José de Ribera, which is evident in some of his subjects and styles

Nato nel 1819 in una famiglia benestante, Courbet inizialmente studiò per diventare avvocato provinciale. Tuttavia, dopo aver ottenuto la benedizione del padre, si dedicò completamente all'arte. Fu molto influenzato dai pittori spagnoli Diego Velázquez e José de Ribera, come si può vedere in alcuni dei suoi soggetti e stili.


In 1846, Courbet visited his beautiful countryside to rest from the hectic Parisian life and produced some of his greatest works, including "The Stone Breakers*, *A Burial at Ornans*, and *After Dinner at Ornans*.

Nel 1846, Courbet visitò la sua splendida campagna per riposarsi dalla frenetica vita parigina e produsse alcune delle sue opere più grandi, tra cui "Gli Spaccapietre", "Un funerale a Ornans" e "Dopo cena a Ornans". 

Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers (1849; oil on canvas; destroyed during World War II)



"The Stone Breakers" depicts two men, possibly a father and son, working hard breaking stones. The subject of this painting—manual labor—was quite unusual for the time. Additionally, their faces are not shown; instead, only their worn, torn clothing is visible, emphasizing their hardship and toil.

"Gli Spaccapietre" raffigura due uomini, forse padre e figlio, che lavorano duramente rompendo pietre. Il soggetto di questo dipinto—il lavoro manuale—era piuttosto insolito per l'epoca. Inoltre, i loro volti non sono mostrati; solo i loro abiti consumati e strappati sono visibili, mettendo in evidenza la loro fatica.

Gustave Courbet, After Dinner at Ornans (1849; oil on canvas, 195 x 275 cm; Lille, Musée des Beaux-Arts)



    "After Dinner at Ornans" earned Courbet a gold medal, granting him the privilege to exhibit at the prestigious Salon. In this painting, men are depicted eating, smoking, and sitting at the table, enjoying music, capturing a moment of ordinary life.
    Dopo cena a Ornans* fece vincere a Courbet una medaglia d'oro, dandogli il privilegio di esporre al prestigioso Salon. In questo dipinto, gli uomini sono raffigurati mentre mangiano, fumano e si siedono al tavolo, godendosi la musica, catturando un momento della vita quotidiana.

GustaveCourbet, Funeral at Ornans (1849-1850; oil on canvas, 315 x 668 cm; Paris, Musée d’Orsay)


    While most paintings from the Romantic period typically depict dramatic landscapes, *A Burial at Ornans* offers the viewer an unfamiliar setting with a unique ambience. The painting features a darker tone, lacks traditional proportion, and depicts communal figures specific to Ornans. The presence of a dog in the foreground makes a statement; it separates Courbet’s work from tradition, as it was unconventional in the art of the time. The dog symbolizes his commitment to representing the everyday realities of a small village funeral.

    Mentre la maggior parte dei dipinti del periodo romantico raffigurava paesaggi drammatici, *Un funerale a Ornans* offre allo spettatore un'ambientazione insolita con un'atmosfera unica. Il dipinto ha un tono più scuro, manca di proporzioni tradizionali e mostra figure comuni specifiche di Ornans. La presenza di un cane in primo piano fa una dichiarazione; separa il lavoro di Courbet dalla tradizione, poiché era una scelta non convenzionale nell'arte dell'epoca. Il cane simboleggia il suo impegno a rappresentare le realtà quotidiane di un funerale di villaggio.


    Gustave Courbet, Painter’s Atelier (1854-1855; oil on canvas, 361 x 598 cm; Paris, Musée d’Orsay)


Lastly, "The Painter’s Atelier" is a large, symbolically rich painting described by Courbet as “a real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life” (Courbet, 1954). Courbet placed himself at the center of the painting, turning his back on the nude model, symbolizing his rejection of academic tradition. In classical art, the nude woman often represents ideal beauty or truth. The child looking up at the painting symbolizes innocence and the lightness of Courbet's artistic vision—that art should not be constrained by rigid academic rules and styles. The painting is filled with ordinary figures. On the left side are beggars, peasants, and workers—people from everyday life—painted in a slightly darker tone, representing "suffering." In contrast, those on the right are more luminous, depicting intellectuals and elites, including Courbet’s important friends and supporters. 

    Infine, "L'atelier del pittore" è un dipinto grande e ricco di simboli, descritto da Courbet come “una vera allegoria che riassume sette anni della mia vita artistica e morale” (Courbet, 1954). Courbet si posiziona al centro del dipinto, dando le spalle al modello nudo, simboleggiando il suo rifiuto della tradizione accademica. Nell'arte classica, la donna nuda spesso rappresenta la bellezza ideale o la verità. Il bambino che guarda verso il dipinto simboleggia l'innocenza e la leggerezza della visione artistica di Courbet, che credeva che l'arte non dovesse essere limitata da rigide regole accademiche. Il dipinto è pieno di figure comuni. Sul lato sinistro ci sono mendicanti, contadini e lavoratori—persone della vita quotidiana—dipinte con un tono leggermente più scuro, rappresentando "la sofferenza". Al contrario, quelli a destra sono più luminosi e raffigurano intellettuali ed élite, tra cui importanti amici e sostenitori di Courbet.


References

Gustave Courbet. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustave-Courbet

Gustave Courbet. https://www.finestresullarte.info/en/ab-art-base/gustave-courbet-life-works-and-style-of-the-father-of-realism



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